Thursday, February 07, 2013

Journal Alert: SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE---Mindfulness neuroscience

> Title:
> Special issue on mindfulness neuroscience
>
> Authors:
> Tang, YY; Posner, MI
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):1-3; SI JAN 2013
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 4-14 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700002
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>
> Title:
> Impact of meditation training on the default mode network during a restful state
>
> Authors:
> Taylor, VA; Daneault, V; Grant, J; Scavone, G; Breton, E; Roffe-Vidal,
> S; Courtemanche, J; Lavarenne, AS; Marrelec, G; Benali, H; Beauregard, M
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):4-14; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Mindfulness meditation has been shown to promote emotional stability.
> Moreover, during the processing of aversive and self-referential
> stimuli, mindful awareness is associated with reduced medial prefrontal
> cortex (MPFC) activity, a central default mode network (DMN) component.
> However, it remains unclear whether mindfulness practice influences
> functional connectivity between DMN regions and, if so, whether such
> impact persists beyond a state of meditation. Consequently, this study
> examined the effect of extensive mindfulness training on functional
> connectivity within the DMN during a restful state. Resting-state data
> were collected from 13 experienced meditators (with over 1000 h of
> training) and 11 beginner meditators (with no prior experience, trained
> for 1 week before the study) using functional magnetic resonance imaging
> (fMRI). Pairwise correlations and partial correlations were computed
> between DMN seed regions' time courses and were compared between groups
> utilizing a Bayesian sampling scheme. Relative to beginners, experienced
> meditators had weaker functional connectivity between DMN regions
> involved in self-referential processing and emotional appraisal. In
> addition, experienced meditators had increased connectivity between
> certain DMN regions (e.g. dorso-medial PFC and right inferior parietal
> lobule), compared to beginner meditators. These findings suggest that
> meditation training leads to functional connectivity changes between
> core DMN regions possibly reflecting strengthened present-moment
> awareness.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 15-26 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700003
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>
> Title:
> Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention
>
> Authors:
> Farb, NAS; Segal, ZV; Anderson, AK
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):15-26; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> One component of mindfulness training (MT) is the development of
> interoceptive attention (IA) to visceral bodily sensations, facilitated
> through daily practices such as breath monitoring. Using functional
> magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we examined experience-dependent
> functional plasticity in accessing interoceptive representations by
> comparing graduates of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction course to a
> waitlisted control group. IA to respiratory sensations was contrasted
> against two visual tasks, controlling for attentional requirements
> non-specific to IA such as maintaining sensation and suppressing
> distraction. In anatomically partitioned analyses of insula activity, MT
> predicted greater IA-related activity in anterior dysgranular insula
> regions, consistent with greater integration of interoceptive sensation
> with external context. MT also predicted decreased recruitment of the
> dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) during IA, and altered functional
> connectivity between the DMPFC and the posterior insula, putative
> primary interoceptive cortex. Furthermore, meditation practice
> compliance predicted greater posterior insula and reduced visual pathway
> recruitment during IA. These findings suggest that interoceptive
> training modulates task-specific cortical recruitment, analogous to
> training-related plasticity observed in the external senses. Further,
> DMPFC modulation of IA networks may be an important mechanism by which
> MT alters information processing in the brain, increasing the
> contribution of interoception to perceptual experience.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 27-33 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700004
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>
> Title:
> The effect of meditation on brain structure: cortical thickness mapping and diffusion tensor imaging
>
> Authors:
> Kang, DH; Jo, HJ; Jung, WH; Kim, SH; Jung, YH; Choi, CH; Lee, US; An,
> SC; Jang, JH; Kwon, JS
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):27-33; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> A convergent line of neuroscientific evidence suggests that meditation
> alters the functional and structural plasticity of distributed neural
> processes underlying attention and emotion. The purpose of this study
> was to examine the brain structural differences between a well-matched
> sample of long-term meditators and controls. We employed whole-brain
> cortical thickness analysis based on magnetic resonance imaging, and
> diffusion tensor imaging to quantify white matter integrity in the
> brains of 46 experienced meditators compared with 46 matched
> meditation-naive volunteers. Meditators, compared with controls, showed
> significantly greater cortical thickness in the anterior regions of the
> brain, located in frontal and temporal areas, including the medial
> prefrontal cortex, superior frontal cortex, temporal pole and the middle
> and interior temporal cortices. Significantly thinner cortical thickness
> was found in the posterior regions of the brain, located in the parietal
> and occipital areas, including the postcentral cortex, inferior parietal
> cortex, middle occipital cortex and posterior cingulate cortex.
> Moreover, in the region adjacent to the medial prefrontal cortex, both
> higher fractional anisotropy values and greater cortical thickness were
> observed. Our findings suggest that long-term meditators have structural
> differences in both gray and white matter.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 34-39 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700005
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>
> Title:
> Increased gray matter volume in the right angular and posterior parahippocampal gyri in loving-kindness meditators
>
> Authors:
> Leung, MK; Chan, CCH; Yin, J; Lee, CF; So, KF; Lee, TMC
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):34-39; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Previous voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies have revealed that
> meditation is associated with structural brain changes in regions
> underlying cognitive processes that are required for attention or
> mindfulness during meditation. This VBM study examined brain changes
> related to the practice of an emotion-oriented meditation:
> loving-kindness meditation (LKM). A 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
> scanner captured images of the brain structures of 25 men, 10 of whom
> had practiced LKM in the Theravada tradition for at least 5 years.
> Compared with novices, more gray matter volume was detected in the right
> angular and posterior parahippocampal gyri in LKM experts. The right
> angular gyrus has not been previously reported to have structural
> differences associated with meditation, and its specific role in mind
> and cognitive empathy theory suggests the uniqueness of this finding for
> LKM practice. These regions are important for affective regulation
> associated with empathic response, anxiety and mood. At the same time,
> gray matter volume in the left temporal lobe in the LKM experts appeared
> to be greater, an observation that has also been reported in previous
> MRI meditation studies on meditation styles other than LKM. Overall, the
> findings of our study suggest that experience in LKM may influence brain
> structures associated with affective regulation.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 40-47 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700006
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>
> Title:
> Neural correlates of focused attention during a brief mindfulness induction
>
> Authors:
> Dickenson, J; Berkman, ET; Arch, J; Lieberman, MD
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):40-47; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Mindfulness meditation-the practice of attending to present moment
> experience and allowing emotions and thoughts to pass without
> judgment-has shown to be beneficial in clinical populations across
> diverse outcomes. However, the basic neural mechanisms by which
> mindfulness operates and relates to everyday outcomes in novices remain
> unexplored. Focused attention is a common mindfulness induction where
> practitioners focus on specific physical sensations, typically the
> breath. The present study explores the neural mechanisms of this common
> mindfulness induction among novice practitioners. Healthy novice
> participants completed a brief task with both mindful attention [focused
> breathing (FB)] and control (unfocused attention) conditions during
> functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Relative to the control
> condition, FB recruited an attention network including parietal and
> prefrontal structures and trait-level mindfulness during this comparison
> also correlated with parietal activation. Results suggest that the
> neural mechanisms of a brief mindfulness induction are related to
> attention processes in novices and that trait mindfulness positively
> moderates this activation.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 48-55 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700007
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>
> Title:
> Compassion meditation enhances empathic accuracy and related neural activity
>
> Authors:
> Mascaro, JS; Rilling, JK; Negi, LT; Raison, CL
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):48-55; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> The ability to accurately infer others' mental states from facial
> expressions is important for optimal social functioning and is
> fundamentally impaired in social cognitive disorders such as autism.
> While pharmacologic interventions have shown promise for enhancing
> empathic accuracy, little is known about the effects of behavioral
> interventions on empathic accuracy and related brain activity. This
> study employed a randomized, controlled and longitudinal design to
> investigate the effect of a secularized analytical compassion meditation
> program, cognitive-based compassion training (CBCT), on empathic
> accuracy. Twenty-one healthy participants received functional MRI scans
> while completing an empathic accuracy task, the Reading the Mind in the
> Eyes Test (RMET), both prior to and after completion of either CBCT or a
> health discussion control group. Upon completion of the study
> interventions, participants randomized to CBCT and were significantly
> more likely than control subjects to have increased scores on the RMET
> and increased neural activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and
> dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). Moreover, changes in dmPFC and
> IFG activity from baseline to the post-intervention assessment were
> associated with changes in empathic accuracy. These findings suggest
> that CBCT may hold promise as a behavioral intervention for enhancing
> empathic accuracy and the neurobiology supporting it.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 56-64 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700008
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>
> Title:
> Psychological and neural mechanisms of trait mindfulness in reducing depression vulnerability
>
> Authors:
> Paul, NA; Stanton, SJ; Greeson, JM; Smoski, MJ; Wang, LH
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):56-64; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Mindfulness-based interventions are effective for reducing depressive
> symptoms. However, the psychological and neural mechanisms are unclear.
> This study examined which facets of trait mindfulness offer protection
> against negative bias and rumination, which are key risk factors for
> depression. Nineteen male volunteers completed a 2-day functional
> magnetic resonance imaging study. One day utilized a stress-induction
> task and the other day utilized a mindful breathing task. An emotional
> inhibition task was used to measure neural and behavioral changes
> related to state negative bias, defined by poorer performance in
> inhibiting negative relative to neutral stimuli. Associations among
> trait mindfulness [measured by the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
> (FFMQ)], trait rumination, and negative bias were examined.
> Non-reactivity scores on the FFMQ correlated negatively with rumination
> and negative bias following the stress induction. Non-reactivity was
> inversely correlated with insula activation during inhibition to
> negative stimuli after the mindful breathing task. Our results suggest
> non-reactivity to inner experience is the key facet of mindfulness that
> protects individuals from psychological risk for depression. Based on
> these results, mindfulness could reduce vulnerability to depression in
> at least two ways: (i) by buffering against trait rumination and
> negative bias and (ii) by reducing automatic emotional responding via
> the insula.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 65-72 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700009
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>
> Title:
> MBSR vs aerobic exercise in social anxiety: fMRI of emotion regulation of negative self-beliefs
>
> Authors:
> Goldin, P; Ziv, M; Jazaieri, H; Hahn, K; Gross, JJ
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):65-72; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is thought to reduce emotional
> reactivity and enhance emotion regulation in patients with social
> anxiety disorder (SAD). The goal of this study was to examine the neural
> correlates of deploying attention to regulate responses to negative
> self-beliefs using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants
> were 56 patients with generalized SAD in a randomized controlled trial
> who were assigned to MBSR or a comparison aerobic exercise (AE) stress
> reduction program. Compared to AE, MBSR yielded greater (i) reductions
> in negative emotion when implementing regulation and (ii) increases in
> attention-related parietal cortical regions. Meditation practice was
> associated with decreases in negative emotion and social anxiety symptom
> severity, and increases in attention-related parietal cortex neural
> responses when implementing attention regulation of negative
> self-beliefs. Changes in attention regulation during MBSR may be an
> important psychological factor that helps to explain how mindfulness
> meditation training benefits patients with anxiety disorders.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 73-84 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700010
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>
> Title:
> Mindful attention reduces neural and self-reported cue-induced craving in smokers
>
> Authors:
> Westbrook, C; Creswell, JD; Tabibnia, G; Julson, E; Kober, H; Tindle, HA
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):73-84; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> An emerging body of research suggests that mindfulness-based
> interventions may be beneficial for smoking cessation and the treatment
> of other addictive disorders. One way that mindfulness may facilitate
> smoking cessation is through the reduction of craving to smoking cues.
> The present work considers whether mindful attention can reduce
> self-reported and neural markers of cue-induced craving in treatment
> seeking smokers. Forty-seven (n = 47) meditation-naive treatment-seeking
> smokers (12-h abstinent from smoking) viewed and made ratings of smoking
> and neutral images while undergoing functional magnetic resonance
> imaging (fMRI). Participants were trained and instructed to view these
> images passively or with mindful attention. Results indicated that
> mindful attention reduced self-reported craving to smoking images, and
> reduced neural activity in a craving-related region of subgenual
> anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). Moreover, a psychophysiological
> interaction analysis revealed that mindful attention reduced functional
> connectivity between sgACC and other craving-related regions compared to
> passively viewing smoking images, suggesting that mindfulness may
> decouple craving neurocircuitry when viewing smoking cues. These results
> provide an initial indication that mindful attention may describe a
> 'bottom-up' attention to one's present moment experience in ways that
> can help reduce subjective and neural reactivity to smoking cues in
> smokers.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 85-92 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700011
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>
> Title:
> Meditation, mindfulness and executive control: the importance of emotional acceptance and brain-based performance monitoring
>
> Authors:
> Teper, R; Inzlicht, M
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):85-92; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Previous studies have documented the positive effects of mindfulness
> meditation on executive control. What has been lacking, however, is an
> understanding of the mechanism underlying this effect. Some theorists
> have described mindfulness as embodying two facets-present moment
> awareness and emotional acceptance. Here, we examine how the effect of
> meditation practice on executive control manifests in the brain,
> suggesting that emotional acceptance and performance monitoring play
> important roles. We investigated the effect of meditation practice on
> executive control and measured the neural correlates of performance
> monitoring, specifically, the error-related negativity (ERN), a
> neurophysiological response that occurs within 100 ms of error
> commission. Meditators and controls completed a Stroop task, during
> which we recorded ERN amplitudes with electroencephalography. Meditators
> showed greater executive control (i.e. fewer errors), a higher ERN and
> more emotional acceptance than controls. Finally, mediation pathway
> models further revealed that meditation practice relates to greater
> executive control and that this effect can be accounted for by
> heightened emotional acceptance, and to a lesser extent, increased
> brain-based performance monitoring.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 93-99 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700012
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>
> Title:
> Dispositional mindfulness and the attenuation of neural responses to emotional stimuli
>
> Authors:
> Brown, KW; Goodman, RJ; Inzlicht, M
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):93-99; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Considerable research has disclosed how cognitive reappraisals and the
> modulation of emotional responses promote successful emotion regulation.
> Less research has examined how the early processing of emotion-relevant
> stimuli may create divergent emotional response consequences.
> Mindfulness-a receptive, non-evaluative form of attention-is theorized
> to foster emotion regulation, and the present study examined whether
> individual differences in mindfulness would modulate neural responses
> associated with the early processing of affective stimuli. Focus was on
> the late positive potential (LPP) of the event-related brain potential
> to visual stimuli varying in emotional valence and arousal. This study
> first found, replicating past research, that high arousal images,
> particularly of an unpleasant type, elicited larger LPP responses.
> Second, the study found that more mindful individuals showed lower LPP
> responses to high arousal unpleasant images, even after controlling for
> trait attentional control. Conversely, two traits contrasting with
> mindfulness-neuroticism and negative affectivity-were associated with
> higher LPP responses to high arousal unpleasant images. Finally,
> mindfulness was also associated with lower LPP responses to
> motivationally salient pleasant images (erotica). These findings suggest
> that mindfulness modulates neural responses in an early phase of
> affective processing, and contribute to understanding how this quality
> of attention may promote healthy emotional functioning.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 100-111 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700013
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>
> Title:
> Event-related delta, theta, alpha and gamma correlates to auditory oddball processing during Vipassana meditation
>
> Authors:
> Cahn, BR; Delorme, A; Polich, J
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):100-111; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Long-term Vipassana meditators sat in meditation vs. a control
> (instructed mind wandering) states for 25 min, electroencephalography
> (EEG) was recorded and condition order counterbalanced. For the last 4
> min, a three-stimulus auditory oddball series was presented during both
> meditation and control periods through headphones and no task imposed.
> Time-frequency analysis demonstrated that meditation relative to the
> control condition evinced decreased evoked delta (2-4 Hz) power to
> distracter stimuli concomitantly with a greater event-related reduction
> of late (500-900 ms) alpha-1 (8-10 Hz) activity, which indexed altered
> dynamics of attentional engagement to distracters. Additionally,
> standard stimuli were associated with increased early event-related
> alpha phase synchrony (inter-trial coherence) and evoked theta (4-8 Hz)
> phase synchrony, suggesting enhanced processing of the habituated
> standard background stimuli. Finally, during meditation, there was a
> greater differential early-evoked gamma power to the different stimulus
> classes. Correlation analysis indicated that this effect stemmed from a
> meditation state-related increase in early distracter-evoked gamma power
> and phase synchrony specific to longer-term expert practitioners. The
> findings suggest that Vipassana meditation evokes a brain state of
> enhanced perceptual clarity and decreased automated reactivity.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 112-117 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700014
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>
> Title:
> Mindfulness disposition and default-mode network connectivity in older adults
>
> Authors:
> Prakash, RS; De Leon, AA; Klatt, M; Malarkey, W; Patterson, B
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):112-117; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> An extensive body of research defines the default-mode network (DMN) to
> be one of the critical networks of the human brain, playing a pivotal
> functional role in processes of internal mentation. Alterations in the
> connectivity of this network as a function of aging have been found,
> with reductions associated with functional ramifications for the elderly
> population. This study examined associations between integrity of the
> DMN and trait levels of mindfulness disposition, defined by our ability
> to exert attentional and emotional control in the present moment, and,
> thereby, bring awareness to immediate experiences. Twenty-five older
> adults participated in the study and underwent a brief functional
> magnetic resonance imaging session and filled out questionnaires related
> to their overall health and mindfulness disposition. Mindfulness
> disposition was associated with greater connectivity of the DMN,
> specifically, in the dorsal posterior cingulate cortex and the
> precuneus. Mindfulness disposition, thus, explains variance in the
> connectivity of one of the more intrinsic networks of the human brain,
> known to be critical for promoting self-relevant mental explorations and
> building cognitive and affective control.
>
> ========================================================================
>
>
> *Pages: 118-120 (Article)
> *View Full Record: http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcAuth=Alerting&SrcApp=Alerting&DestApp=CCC&DestLinkType=FullRecord;KeyUT=CCC:000313649700015
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>
> Title:
> Tools of the trade: theory and method in mindfulness neuroscience
>
> Authors:
> Tang, YY; Posner, MI
>
> Source:
> *SOCIAL COGNITIVE AND AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE*, 8 (1):118-120; SI JAN 2013
>
> Abstract:
> Mindfulness neuroscience is an emerging research field that investigates
> the underlying mechanisms of different mindfulness practices, different
> stages and different states of practice as well as different effects of
> practice over the lifespan. Mindfulness neuroscience research integrates
> theory and methods from eastern contemplative traditions, western
> psychology and neuroscience, and from neuroimaging techniques,
> physiological measures and behavioral tests. We here review several key
> theoretical and methodological challenges in the empirical study of
> mindfulness neuroscience and provide suggestions for overcoming these
> challenges.
>
> =

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